1)
Strategy
to Answer Structure Test
To answer structure test in TOEFL, the first you must know
that you don’t need translate all the qustion, but be translate as the last
alternative. You must know in structure test all the qustion are sentences
(Subject + Verb).
So you must search Verb in the sentense, and this is the
rule to find verb:
a) If these sentence has 1 verb so
doesn’t have conjungtion.
b) If these sentence has 2 verbs so it
has 1 conjungtion (Remember, conjuntion is fungsion to connecting the
sentences)
c) If these sentence has 3 verbs so it
has 2 conjungtions, etc
d) This rule applies to sentence in
active and pasive.
2)
Materials
in Structure Test
This is a materials and example questions structure test
which often tested in TOEFL:
A. Basic Sentences Stucture
a) Main Verb
You need
to know in this section is related between subject and verb ‘’term
: subject-verb agreement’’. the sentenses in the English have a verb
and subject. If the subject is singular form so the verb must be
singular form; if the subject is plural form so the verb must be plural.
Example:
He goes, I teach, People eat, Indah
watch.
b) Infinitive
There are
some verbs that need (to) infinitive if combine with another verb : agree, Appear, arrange, ask, beg, care,
claim, consent, decide, demand, expect, fail, hesitate, learn, hope, manage,
mean, need, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, struggle,
swear, threaten, volunteer, wait, want.
Example:
After being indicated for his part in a bank robery, the
reputed mobster decided
A B
C
find
another attorney.
D
Analisa soal:
Jawaban yang mesti Anda pilih jawaban D. Find seharusnya to find.
Decided + to infinitive.
Jawaban yang mesti Anda pilih jawaban D. Find seharusnya to find.
Decided + to infinitive.
c) Gerund (Verb -ing)
There are
some verbs that need a gerund (- ing) if combine with other verbs : anticipate, appreciate, avoid, complete,
Consider, delay, deny, discuss, dislike, enjoy, finish, keep, mention, mind,
miss, Postpone, practice, quit, recall, Recollect, recommend, resent, resist,
risk, suggest, tolerate, sugges.
Example:
Ani enjoyed to be able to meet several
members of Congress during her vacation.
A B
C D
The answer you should choose is A. To
be should be being. Enjoyed + gerund.
d) Conditional
Conditional
explains that activity contrary to other activities. The most common
conditional is Real and Unreal Conditonal Conditonal, sometimes also called
if-clauses. Real Conditional (Conditional Type I) describes suppose the facts
which will be happen. Unreal Conditional (Conditional Type II) describe the
suppositions that are not real or imagination. Conditional Type III, is used as
a regret that happened in the past.
·
Future Conditional (Conditional Type 1) This assumption states
that something might happen in the future or now, if the terms/certain
conditions are met.
Type 1 :
·
If
+ Subject + present simple + subject + modals (will, can, may, must) V1 (simple
form)
example :
If have money I will buy a new house
·
If
+ Subject + Simple ... + subject + simple present
example :
If he has enough time, Tommy usually walks to campus.
·
If
+ Subject + ... + command simple present form
example :
If you go to the post office, please mail this letter for me!
Unreal Present (Conditional Type 2)
This assumption states something
contrary
to what is
or is happening now.
Type 2 :
·
If
+ subject + subject + simple past modals (would, could, might) V1 (Simple Form)
example :
He would tell you about it if he
were here. (the fact is: Because he is not here he does not tell you about it).
·
For
the if - clause in this form only to be "were" is used for all
subjects. if the conditional type 2 can be removed is by the use of inversion: Were
+ subject + Adj / Noun + subject + capital ( would , could , might ) + V1
example :
He could hug me, if he were here.
(The fact is: he can not hug me, Because he is not here)
Unreal Past (Conditional Type 3) This assumption states something
contrary to what has happened (past).
Type 3 :
·
If
+ Subject + Past Perfect ... subject + modals (would, could, might ) have + V3
example :
example :
1) If we had known that you were there,
we would have written you a letter.
(the fact is: I did not know that you were there so I did not write you a letter)
(the fact is: I did not know that you were there so I did not write you a letter)
2) He would tell you about it if he
were here .
3) If he did not speak so quickly
intervening, you could understand him.
·
Inversion
(without the "IF") without changing the meaning
Had +
subject + subject + V3 ... modals ( would , could , might ) have + V3
Example
from sentence above when written inversion becomes :
Had we
known that you were there, we would have written you a letter.
e) Noun Clouse
A. Noun Clauses begin
with Question words
1. Single
question words.
Example:
·
Where she is now is still unknown.
·
When they arrive is still uncertain.
·
I know what you did last summer and I
still know what you did last summer are two Hollywood movies starred by Jennifer Love Hewitt.
Noun
clause can be placed at the beginning of a sentence (as a subject) or as an
object. If you want to change the position of the subject noun clause object
sentence into a sentence, it usually takes a pronoun or a slight modification
of the word. The above example becomes :
·
It
is still unknown where she is now.
·
Do
you know when they arrive?
·
Two
Hollywood movies starred by Jennifer Love Hewitt are I know what you did last summer and I still know what you did last
summer.
Note:
a) The
clause is preceded by the words specific question (when, Whenever, where can
also function as an adverbial clause.
example
:
I was reading a book when the phone rang.
I went to where I and my ex girlfriend had been last
weekend.
b) Clause
is preceded by the words specific question (who, Whom, Whose + noun) can also
function as an adjective clause.
Example :
Mr. bobi, who is a teacher, was looking for you at
school .
john , Whose book was stolen last week, just bought another
new book yesterday.
2.
Question words + ever/soever
example :
We will accept whatever you want us to do.
3.
Question words + adjectives
Example:
·
I
am lost. Could you tell me how far it is from here to the post office?
·
What
a jerk. He didn’t even ask how long I had been waiting for him.
4.
Question words + nouns
Example:
·
Do
you know what time it is?
·
I
don’t know whose car is parked in front of my house.
5.
Question words + adverbs
Example:
·
Is
there any correlation between how good he or she is in English and how
many books he or she has?
·
How
much your English skill will improve is determined by how hard you
practice.
6.
Question words + adverbs
Example:
I don’t want my parents to know how many times I
have left school early.
7.
Question words + infinitives
Example:
·
She
didn’t know what to do = She didn’t know what she
should do.
·
We
haven’t decided when to go to the beach = We haven’t
decided when we should go to the beach.
·
Marry
told us where to find her = Marry told us where we
could find her.
B. Noun
clauses beginning with Whether / if
Example:
·
I
am not sure whether she is coming or not = I am not sure whether
or not she is coming = I am not sure whether she is coming.
·
We
can’t decide whether we should go out or stay home. = We can’t
decide whether to go or (to) stay home.
C. Noun
clauses beginning with that / the fact that
Example:
It was obvious that she was
very sick = The fact that she was very sick was obvious. It
seems that it is going to rain soon.
f) Used to
a. We use “used to” for something that
happened regularly in the past but no
longer happens. Form : Used
to + V I
·
Example:
§ I used to smoke a packed a
day but i stopped two years ago.
Ø I used to drive to work but
now i take the bus.
b. We
used “to be used to” doing to say that something is normal not unusual.
·
Form: Be + used to + verb ing/noun
· Example:
§ Charlote has lived in England for
over a year so she is used to driving on the left now.
§ They’ve always lived in hot
countries so they aren’t used to the cold weather here.
g) Auxiliary Verb
Auxiliary
verb is a verb that is used additional
main verb to add meaning. Be, have, do, and modals is auxiliary verb.
TOEFL exam often includes questions regarding the auxiliary verb.
In auxiliary
verb that you need to know is:
-
Always
use BE for verb –ing
BE + -ing
The
farmers are cultivating a new plant variety to gain their harvest.
-
Always
use HAVE for participle, and
HAVE +
participle
The
farmers have cultivated a new plant variety to gain their harvest.
-
Always
use modal for verb
MODAL +
verb word.
The
farmers should cultivate a new plant variety to gain their harvest.
auxiliary
verb in pasive:
S +
BE + participle
-
A
new plant variety is cultivated by the farmers to gain their harvest.
-
A
new plant variety has been cultivated by the farmers to gain their
harvest.
-
A
new plant variety should be cultivated by the farmers to gain their
harvest.
h) Comparative
When
talking about the two objects, we can compare and see the differences as well
similarities between the two objects. Maybe it has the same thing on one side
and the difference on the other side. To compare the difference between the two
objects we use comparative adjectives.
The term in Comparative Adjective:
A. Regular
Ø Camparative
1)
Adding
the suffix - er (short adjectives – just one syllables)
-
Generally
only added adjective - er, for example : older, smaller, richer, etc.
-
If the ending - e, just add r, for example :
later, nicer, etc
-
If
the ending consonant, plus last consonant and - er, for example : bigger,
hotter, etc.
· If the ending - y, then y changed to i
then added er,
example : Earlier, busier
2)
Adjective
with two syllables can use the - er or more
quiet -
quieter / more
quiet,
clever - cleverer / more clever,
3)
Adding
more prefix (long adjectives – more that two syllables)
For long adjectives, the rule only
adds more words only on adjectives,
example :
beautiful
- more beautiful, etc.
Ø Superlative
1)
Adding
the suffix - est (short adjectives – just one syllables)
§ Generally only added adjective -
est, for example : oldest, etc.
§ If the ending - e, just add st, for example
: nicest, etc.
§ If the ending consonant, plus last
consonant and - est, for example : hottest, etc.
§ If the ending - y, then y changed to
i then added est, for example : Earliest, heaviest, etc.
2)
Adjective
with two syllables can use the - est or most
quiet -
quietest / most
quiet,
clever - cleverest / most clever,
3)
Adding
most prefix (long adjectives – most that one syllables)
For long
adjectives, the rule only adds most words only on adjectives, for
example : expensive -> most expensive, beautiful -> most beautiful, etc.
B. Irregular
1.
Comparative
Some adjectives have irregular,
example:
Many => more,
Little
=> less,
2.
Superlative
good
-> best,
Little -> least,
bad ->
worset,
far -> farther / furthest, etc.
Example :
a)
Comparative – Form (Comparative degree ... that)
This book is more expensive than that book.
This picture is more beautiful.
b)
Superlative – Form (Superlative degree ... of/in)
This book is the most expensive book store.
This picture is the most beautiful.
i)
Preposition
Preposition
is phares to explain a relation. Preposition followed by noun and pronoun. The
position of propositional phrase between a subject and a verb. This will
difficul because we wrong to identify which is the subject of the sentence.
§ Difference “between” and “among”,
they have same meaning but have a defference uses. Between used to explain two
noun and Among used to explain three or more noun.
Example:
There is a
discussion between a student and his professor
There is a
discussion among Bill, Jim and Jhon.
§ Difference in, on and at used for
guide direction. In used for guide a biggest places, like state, country,
province, city, ocean, etc. On used for guide a bigger places, like street,
coast, river, lake, a train, aplain, a ship, etc. At used for guide a smallest
places, like a corner, a room, a car, a building, a bus etc.
§ Difference in, on and at guide a
time. In used for guide a biggest times, like in 1999, in June.
On used for guide a bigger times, like on sunday. At used for guide a smallest times, like at 9.20 pm.
On used for guide a bigger times, like on sunday. At used for guide a smallest times, like at 9.20 pm.
§ Difference Instead and instead of.
They have same meaning is “in place of” but have a defference uses. Instead use
in the end of sentences after an adjective, adverb or verb.
Instead of use before an adjective, adverb or verb.
Instead of use before an adjective, adverb or verb.
§ Difference “because” and “because
of”. Because of is a phares which explain noun or verb and can’t use before
subject and verb. Example: They prefer to use water coat because of the rain.
Because is a conjuction to connecting a subject and verb. Example : They prefer
to use water coat because it is raining.
j)
Correlative Conjunction
What must
we know in this section is related to the use of the parallel structure of the words both ... and, as well as, not only
... but also, and Neither & either.
a) Both...and : used for two similar
structure, like adverb, verb, or adjective.
Example:
Both my
mother and my father are here.
b) Both...and...as well as : used for
three similar structure.
Example :
Beth plays
the guitar as well as the violin.
c) Not only..but also : used for
structure which following not or but.
Example:
Not only
my mother but also my father are here.
d) Neither and Either : used for
negative.
Neither
used before auxiliary verb and either used after auxiliary verb or not.
Example:
I will not
take either chemistry or physics.
That
book is neither interesting nor accurate.
k.) Negative Emphasis
Negative
emphasis used to answer the question "how Often?” and used at the
beginning of the question that indicates the existence of a suppression.
Examples of negative words emphasis is not one, not until, never, never
again, very seldom, and only rarely.
Example:
Never in the history of humanity there have
been more people living on this
A B C D
relatively small planet.
The answer you should choose is B. There have should
be have there.
Tenses :
1.
Simple
Present Tense
A. Used
for expreses:
a)
Daily habits of usual activities
Example:
takes a
shower everyday.
I
usually eat lunch at the cafetaria.
b)
General Statement of Past
Example:
The Earth revolves around the sun.
It squere has four equal
sides.
B. Form:
a)
Positive
§ They/we/you/I + V1
+ object / complement
Example:
We go to
campus everyday.
They
study English every Monday.
§ She/He/it + V1
+ s + object / complement
Example:
She always
helps her mother.
Diro plays
football everyweek.
b)
Negative
§ They/we/you/I + don’t
+ V1 + object / complement
Example:
We don’t
go to campus everyday.
They don’t study English every Monday.
§ She/He/it + does’t
+ V1 + object / complement
Example:
She does’t always help her mother.
Diro does’t play football everyweek.
c)
Question
§ Do + They/we/you/I
+ V1 + object / complement
Example:
Do we go
to campus everyday?
Do they study English every Monday?
§ Does + She/He/it
+ V1 + object / complement
Example:
Does she
always help her mother?
Does Dino
play football everyweek?
C. Frequenly
Adverb:
Adverb which using in simple present tense are Always,
usually, often, sometimes,
selom, never, everyday, every Sunday,
twice a week, rerely.
2.
Present Progressive Tense
A. Used
for expreses:
An activities that is in progress (is accurung, is
happening) right now.
Example:
Ann can’t come to the telephone right now because she is
taking a shower.
It’s
noon, i’m eating lunch at the cafetaria right now.
B. Form:
a)
Positive
Subject + To be (is, am, are) + V1 +
ing + object / complement
Example:
We are going to campus right now.
Rudy
is studing English right now.
b)
Negative
Subject + To be (is, am, are) + not
+ V1 + ing + object / complement
Example:
We are not (aren’t) going to campus right now.
Luby
is not (isn’t) studing English right now.
c)
Question
To be (is, am, are) + Subject +
V1 + ing + object / complement
Example:
Are we going to campus right now?
Is
Luby studing English right now?
C. Frequenly
Adverb:
Adverb which using in present progressive tense are now,
right now, at present.
3.
Past Tense
A. Used
for expreses:
An activities or situation that began and ended at the
particular time in the past
Example:
Miky walked down yesterday.
I
slept for eight hours last night.
B. Form:
a)
Positive
Subject + V2 + object / complement
Example:
I went to the market yesterday.
Rio bought the computer two days ago.
They
visited me last month.
b)
Negative
Subject + did not + V1 +
object / complement
Example:
I did not (didn’t) want to the market yesterday.
Rio did not (didn’t) buy
the computer two days ago.
They did not (didn’t) visit
me last month.
c)
Question
Did not + Subject + V1 +
object / complement
Example:
Did i want
to the market yesterday?
Did Rico buy the computer two days ago?
Did they visit me last month?
d) Frequenly
Adverb:
Adverb which using in past tense are Ago,
this morning, two days ago, last week, last month, many years ago, just now,
last night, in 1971.
4.
Past ProgressiveTense
A. Used
for expreses:
An
activities that was in progress (was accuring, was happening) at a point of
time in the past (eg: at 6.10) pr at the time of another action (eg: when tom
came).
Example:
I was eating dinner when Tome came.
While
i wass eating dinner, Tome came.
B. Form:
a)
Positive
Subject + tobe (was/were) + V1
+ ing + object / complement
Example:
When the
telephone rang, i was listening music.
We were going to the party while he was taking the examination.
b)
Negative
Subject + tobe (was/were) + not
+ V1 + ing + object / complement
Example:
When the
telephone rang, i was not listening music.
We were going to the party while he was not taking the examination.
c)
Question
Tobe (was/were) + Subject + V1
+ ing + object / complement
Example:
Were you
listening music when the telephone rang?
Were they going to the party while he was not taking the examination?
C. Frequenly
Adverb:
Adverb which using in past progressive tense are when,
while, as.
5.
Present Perfect Tense
A. Used
for expreses:
§ An activities or situation that accured
(or didn’t accured) “before now” at same unspesified time in the past.
Example:
John has
already eaten lunch.
I
have never eaten lunch.
§ An activities that were repeated
several or many times in the past, the exact time are and continue to the
present.
Example:
Pete has
eaten at that restaurant many times.
§ When the present perfect is used
with since or for it express situations that began in the past and continue at
the present,
Example:
Eric has lived in this city since 1998.
B. Form:
a)
Positive
Subject + tobe (has/have) + V3
+ object / complement
Example:
You have
forgotten.
He has read that novel.
b)
Negative
Subject + tobe (has/have) +
not + V3 + object / complement
Example:
You have
not forgotten.
He has not read that novel.
c)
Question
Tobe (has/have) + Subject + V3
+ object / complement
Example:
Have you
forgotten?
Has he has read that novel?
C. Frequenly
Adverb:
Adverb
which using in Present Perfect tense are already, just, not yet,
ever, never, recently, at last, since 1979, many times, for two years,
frequently.
6.
Present Perfect Progressive tense
A. Used
for expreses:
How long
an activities is in progress.
Example:
She has
been sitting in class since 9 o’clock.
They have been studying english over six years.
B. Form:
a)
Positive
Subject
+ tobe (has/heve) + been + V1 +
ing + object / complement
Example:
They have
been waiting you since two hours.
joi has been reading novel for three days.
b)
Negative
Subject + tobe (has/heve) +
not + V1 + ing + object / complement
Example:
They have
not been waiting you since two hours.
Joi has not been reading novel for three days.
c)
Question
Tobe (has/heve) + Subject + V1
+ ing + object / complement
Example:
Have they
been waiting you since two hours?
Has joi been reading novel for three days?
C. Frequenly
Adverb:
Adverb
which using in Present Perfect Progressive tense are since,
for, long, for over, all the night.
7.
Future Tense
A. Used
for expreses:
An activities will be done in the future.
Example:
I will go
to Jakarta next week.
We will meet you tomorrow.
B. Form:
a)
Positive
Subject +
shall/will + V1 + object / complement
Example:
They will leave this town soon.
He will take examination next month.
b)
Negative
Subject +
shall/will + not + V1 + object / complement
Example:
They will
not (won’t) leave this town soon.
He
will not (won’t) take examination next month.
c)
Question
(Shall/will)
+ Subject + V1 + object / complement
Example:
Will they
leave this town soon?
Will he take examination next
month?
d) Frequenly
Adverb:
Adverb
which using in Future tense are Tomorrow, tonight, soon, nest week,
the day after tomorrow, later.
Example
Test in TOEFL :
1.
The Eiffel Tower Paris
, France
a.
landmarks
b.
is a landmarked in
c.
is a landmark in
d.
is in a landmark
2.
_______ Young deer
a.
are called fawns
b.
be fawns
c.
is fawns
d.
fawns are called
3.
The Nile river is ____ than the Amazon.
a. longer
b. more long
c. longest
d. long
Answer:
The Nile river is longer than the Amazon, because the adjective in one
syllable, and only comparing two objects .
4.
I’m ______ than Yuri but _____ than Miko.
a. tallest, shorter
b. more tall, more short
c. taller, shortest
d. taller, shorter
Answer:
I'm Taller than Yuri but shorter than Michael, because the
adjective in one syllable, and only comparing two objects.
5.
If it so cloudy, we would plan on having the
fair outside.
a. Was
b. was not
c. were not
d. had not
Answer: If
it was not so cloudy, we would plan on having the fair outside, because
the parent sentence using V1, so it’s conditional clause type 2 and need simple
past tense.
6. If
she ______ her to advance the clock one hour, she would not have been late for
work.
a. should have remembered
b.
could remembered
c.
remembered
d.
would have remembered
Answer:
If she would
have remembered her to advance the clock one hour, she would not have been
late for work, because the parent sentence using V3, so it’s conditional clause
type 3 must need past perfect tense.
Identify and correct the mistakes in the parallel structure
in the following sentences
7.
The I swept the yard , weeded the garden and .... the clothes .
a.
was washing
b.
wash
c.
washed
d.
washing
Answer:
The I swept the yard, weeded the garden and washed the clothes. Because
The sentence uses in simple past tense which uses verb 3 without auxiliary,
wash should in verb 3 without Auxiliary.
8.
James Decided to get up early, practice some yoga and .... healthy foods.
a. Eat
b.
Ate
c.
Eating
d.
Eaten
Answer :
James Decided to get up early,
practice some yoga and eat healthy foods. Because practise is verb 1 so
eat must verb 1 too.
9.
Every human typically have twenty-three pairs of
chromosomes in most cells.
A B C D
The answer
you should choose is B. Have supposedly has. Subject in the
sentense is every human (singular) so it’s need singular verb. Due to
have a plural verb should have changed to has (singular of have).
10.
Bess is used to fly after having crossed the continent many
times during the past decade.
A B C D
A B C D
The answer you should choose is A. To fly should be
to flying. Be + used to + verb -ing.
11.
The game is interesting, but all the participants
struggling.
A B
C D
The answer you should choose is D. Participants
struggling should be participants are struggling. Subject + BE + Verb
-ing.
12.
Until recently, California was largest producer of
oranges in the U.S.
A
B
C D
The answer you should choose is B. Largest
is the superlative form and need the. Largest should be The
Largest.
13.
Bedy Goodman was equally talented as both a jazz performer as
well as a classical
A
B
C D
musician.
The answer you should choose is C.
Note the word both. Both must be with and. So as well as should
be and.
14.
Five miles beyond the hills were a fire with its flames reaching
up the sky.
A
B C
D
The answer
you should choose is B because words were above not right. Subject sentence is five
miles.
Source:
